What Are Your Thoughts On Animal Research And Animal Testing In The Medical Field?
An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. Animals are used to develop medical treatments, determine the toxicity of medications, check the safe of products destined for human being utilise, and other biomedical, commercial, and health care uses. Research on living animals has been practiced since at least 500 BC.
Proponents of animate being testing say that information technology has enabled the evolution of many life-saving treatments for both humans and animals, that there is no alternative method for researching a consummate living organism, and that strict regulations prevent the mistreatment of animals in laboratories.
Opponents of creature testing say that information technology is cruel and inhumane to experiment on animals, that alternative methods available to researchers can replace brute testing, and that animals are so unlike from homo beings that research on animals often yields irrelevant results. Read more background…
Pro & Con Arguments
Pro i
Animal testing contributes to life-saving cures and treatments.
The California Biomedical Inquiry Association states that well-nigh every medical breakthrough in the final 100 years has resulted direct from inquiry using animals. [9] Animal enquiry has contributed to major advances in treating conditions such as breast cancer, brain injury, babyhood leukemia, cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and more than, and was instrumental in the development of pacemakers, cardiac valve substitutes, and anesthetics. [10] [11] [12] [13]
Read More
Pro 2
Animal testing is crucial to ensure that vaccines are safe.
Scientists racing to develop a vaccine for coronavirus during the 2020 global pandemic need to exam on genetically modified mice to ensure that the vaccine doesn't brand the virus worse.[133] [119] Nikolai Petrovsky, professor in the College of Medicine and Public Health at Flinders University in Australia, said testing a coronavirus vaccine on animals is "admittedly essential" and skipping that stride would be "fraught with difficulty and danger." [133]
Researchers have to test extensively to prevent "vaccine enhancement," a situation in which a vaccine actually makes the illness worse in some people. [141] Peter Hotez, Dean for the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor Higher, said, "The way you lot reduce that risk is commencement you show information technology does not occur in laboratory animals." [119]
Read More
Pro 3
In that location is no adequate alternative to testing on a living, whole-body system.
A living systems, human beings and animals are extremely complex. Studying cell cultures in a petri dish, while sometimes useful, does not provide the opportunity to study interrelated processes occurring in the primal nervous arrangement, endocrine system, and immune system. [nine] Evaluating a drug for side effects requires a circulatory organization to carry the medicine to different organs. [15]
Conditions such equally blindness and high blood pressure level cannot exist studied in tissue cultures. [9] Even the most powerful supercomputers are unable to accurately simulate the workings of the homo encephalon'south 100 billion interconnected nerve cells. [132]
Read More
Pro 4
Animals are appropriate inquiry subjects considering they are similar to homo beings in many ways.
Chimpanzees share 99% of their Deoxyribonucleic acid with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. [9] All mammals, including humans, are descended from common ancestors, and all have the same prepare of organs (heart, kidneys, lungs, etc.) that function in substantially the same way with the help of a bloodstream and central nervous system. [17] Because animals and humans are and then biologically similar, they are susceptible to many of the same atmospheric condition and illnesses, including heart illness, cancer, and diabetes. [eighteen]
Read More than
Pro five
Animals must be used in cases when ethical considerations preclude the utilize of human subjects.
When testing medicines for potential toxicity, the lives of human volunteers should not be put in danger unnecessarily. It would be unethical to perform invasive experimental procedures on human beings before the methods accept been tested on animals, and some experiments involve genetic manipulation that would be unacceptable to impose on human subjects before animal testing. [19] The World Medical Clan Declaration of Helsinki states that human trials should be preceded by tests on animals. [20]
Read More
Pro vi
Animals themselves benefit from the results of animal testing.
Vaccines tested on animals have saved millions of animals that would otherwise have died from rabies, distemper, feline leukemia, infectious hepatitis virus, tetanus, anthrax, and canine parvo virus. Treatments for animals developed using animal testing besides include pacemakers for heart illness and remedies for glaucoma and hip dysplasia. [9] [21]
Animal testing has been instrumental in saving endangered species from extinction, including the black-footed ferret, the California condor and the tamarins of Brazil. [13] [9] The American Veterinary Medical Clan (AVMA) endorses animal testing to develop safety drugs, vaccines, and medical devices. [23]
Read More
Pro 7
Animate being research is highly regulated, with laws in place to protect animals from mistreatment.
In addition to local and state laws and guidelines, beast research has been regulated by the federal Animal Welfare Human action (AWA) since 1966. Too every bit stipulating minimum housing standards for inquiry animals (enclosure size, temperature, admission to clean food and h2o, and others), the AWA as well requires regular inspections by veterinarians. [3]
All proposals to utilize animals for research must be approved past an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) ready by each research facility. Most major research institutions' programs are voluntarily reviewed for humane practices by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Fauna Intendance International (AAALAC). [24] [25]
Read More than
Pro viii
Animals often make meliorate inquiry subjects than human beings because of their shorter life cycles.
Laboratory mice, for example, live for only 2 to 3 years, so researchers tin can written report the furnishings of treatments or genetic manipulation over a whole lifespan, or across several generations, which would be infeasible using human subjects. [29] [nine] Mice and rats are particularly well-suited to long-term cancer enquiry, partly because of their curt lifespans. [30]
Read More
Pro 9
Animal researchers treat animals humanely, both for the animals' sake and to ensure reliable test results.
Enquiry animals are cared for by veterinarians, husbandry specialists, and animal health technicians to ensure their well-being and more accurate findings. Rachel Rubino, attending veterinarian and managing director of the animate being facility at Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, said, "Most people who work with enquiry animals love those animals… We want to give them the best lives possible, care for them humanely." [28] At Cedars-Sinai Medical Center'south animal research facility, dogs are given exercise breaks twice daily to socialize with their caretakers and other dogs, and a "toy rotation program" provides opportunities for play.[32]
Read More
Pro 10
Animals practise not have rights, therefore it is adequate to experiment on them.
Animals exercise not take the cognitive power or moral judgment that humans do and because of this they have been treated differently than humans by nearly every culture throughout recorded history. If we granted animals rights, all humans would take to get vegetarians, and hunting would need to be outlawed. [33] [34]
Read More
Pro eleven
The vast bulk of biologists and several of the largest biomedical and health organizations in the United states of america endorse animal testing.
A poll of iii,748 scientists by the Pew Research Center institute that 89% favored the use of animals in scientific research. [120] The American Cancer Society, American Physiological Guild, National Association for Biomedical Research, American Heart Association, and the Society of Toxicology all advocate the apply of animals in scientific inquiry. [36] [37] [38] [39] [forty]
Read More
Pro 12
Some cosmetics and health care products must be tested on animals to ensure their safe.
American women utilize an average of 12 personal care products per day, so product safety is of groovy importance. [41] The U.s.a. Food and Drug Administration endorses the utilise of animal tests on cosmetics to "assure the safety of a product or ingredient." [42] Mainland china requires that nearly cosmetics be tested on animals before they go along sale, so cosmetics companies must have their products tested on animals if they desire distribution in i of the largest markets in the world. [43] Manufacturers of products such as hand sanitizer and insect repellent, which can protect people from Zika, malaria, and West Nile Virus, test on animals to meet legal requirements for putting these products on the market. [44]
Read More
Con one
Animal testing is barbarous and inhumane.
Co-ordinate to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to forcefulness feeding, food and water impecuniousness, the infliction of burns and other wounds to study the healing procedure, the infliction of pain to report its effects and remedies, and "killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, cervix-breaking, decapitation, or other means." [47] The US Department of Agronomics reported in Jan. 2020 that enquiry facilities used over 300,000 animals in activities involving pain in but ane year.[102]
Read More than
Con 2
Scientists are able to test vaccines on humans volunteers.
Unlike animals used for enquiry, humans are able to give consent to be used in testing and are a feasible option when the need arises. [142] The COVID-xix (coronavirus) global pandemic demonstrated that researchers tin can skip creature testing and go straight to observing how vaccines work in humans. Ane visitor working on a COVID-xix vaccine, Moderna Therapeutics, worked on developing a vaccine using new technology: instead of beingness based on a weakened form of the virus, information technology was developed using a synthetic copy of the COVID-19 genetic code. [143]
Considering the visitor didn't take the traditional path of isolating alive samples of a virus, it was able to fast-track the evolution procedure. [144] Tal Zaks, main medical officer at Moderna, said, "I don't think proving this in an brute model is on the critical path to getting this to a clinical trial." [145]
Read More
Con three
Alternative testing methods at present exist that can supervene upon the need for animals.
Other inquiry methods such as in vitro testing (tests done on homo cells or tissue in a petri dish) offering opportunities to reduce or supervene upon animal testing. [15] Technological advancements in 3D printing allow the possibility for tissue bioprinting: a French company is working to bioprint a liver that can test the toxicity of a drug.[16] Artificial human skin, such every bit the commercially available products EpiDerm and ThinCert, tin exist made from sheets of man pare cells grown in test tubes or plastic wells and may produce more useful results than testing chemicals on creature skin. [15] [l] [51]
The Environmental Protection Agency is so confident in alternatives that the agency intends to reduce chemic testing on mammals thirty% by 2025 and end it altogether by 2035. [134] Humane Society International found that beast tests were more than expensive than in vitro (testing performed outside of living organisms) in every scenario studied. [61]
Read More
Con 4
Animals are very different from man beings and therefore brand poor test subjects.
The anatomic, metabolic, and cellular differences between animals and people make animals poor models for human beings. [52] Paul Furlong, Professor of Clinical Neuroimaging at Aston University (United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland), states that "information technology'south very hard to create an animate being model that even equates closely to what we're trying to achieve in the human." [53] Thomas Hartung, Professor of bear witness-based toxicology at Johns Hopkins University, argues for alternatives to fauna testing considering "we are not lxx kg rats." [54]
Read More
Con five
Drugs that pass animal tests are not necessarily safe.
The 1950s sleeping pill thalidomide, which caused ten,000 babies to be born with severe deformities, was tested on animals prior to its commercial release. [5] Later tests on meaning mice, rats, guinea pigs, cats, and hamsters did not result in birth defects unless the drug was administered at extremely high doses. [109] [110] Animate being tests on the arthritis drug Vioxx showed that it had a protective effect on the hearts of mice, withal the drug went on to cause more 27,000 heart attacks and sudden cardiac deaths before existence pulled from the market. [55] [56]
Read More than
Con 6
Animal tests may mislead researchers into ignoring potential cures and treatments.
Some chemicals that are ineffective on (or harmful to) animals bear witness valuable when used by humans. Aspirin, for instance, is unsafe for some animal species. [105] Intravenous vitamin C has shown to be constructive in treating sepsis in humans, but makes no deviation to mice. [127] Fk-506 (tacrolimus), used to lower the hazard of organ transplant rejection, was "almost shelved" because of animal test results, according to neurologist Aysha Akhtar. [105] A study on Slate.com stated that a "source of human being suffering may be the dozens of promising drugs that get shelved when they cause bug in animals that may non exist relevant for humans." [106]
Read More
Con 7
Only 5% of animals used in experiments are protected by United states law.
The Animate being Welfare Deed (AWA) does not apply to rats, mice, fish, and birds, which account for 95% of the animals used in research. [28] The types of animals covered by the AWA business relationship for fewer than i million animals used in enquiry facilities each year, which leaves around 25 million other animals without protection from mistreatment. [1] [2] [26] [102] [135] The Us Department of Agriculture, which inspects facilities for AWA compliance, compiles almanac statistics on brute testing just they merely include data on the small per centum of animals discipline to the Act.[135]
Read More
Con 8
Animal tests do non reliably predict results in homo beings.
94% of drugs that laissez passer animal tests fail in human being clinical trials. [57] Co-ordinate to neurologist Aysha Akhtar, Dr., MPH, over 100 stroke drugs that were effective when tested on animals have failed in humans, and over 85 HIV vaccines failed in humans afterward working well in not-human primates. [58] A study published in Proceedings of the National University of Sciences of the U.s. of America (PNAS) plant that about 150 clinical trials (human tests) of treatments to reduce inflammation in critically sick patients have been undertaken, and all of them failed, despite being successful in animate being tests. [59] [58]
Read More than
Con 9
At that place is increasing demand for cruelty-free products.
More than 1-3rd of women only buy cosmetics from brands that practice not utilize animate being testing. [136] The market for cruelty-gratis cosmetics (products not tested on animals) is estimated to attain $ten billion by 2024. [137] At least 37 countries have banned or restricted the sale of cosmetics with ingredients tested on animals, including nations in the European union. [138] In the US, California became the first state to brand it illegal to sell most cosmetics that underwent animal testing. [139]
Michael Available, Senior Scientist and Product Manager at biotech company MatTek, stated, "We can at present create a model from human skin cells — keratinocytes — and produce normal peel or even a model that mimics a skin disease like psoriasis. Or we can use homo pigment-producing cells — melanocytes — to create a pigmented skin model that is similar to human skin from dissimilar ethnicities. Y'all can't do that on a mouse or a rabbit." [140]
Read More than
Con 10
About experiments involving animals are flawed, wasting the lives of the animate being subjects.
A peer-reviewed study plant serious flaws in the bulk of publicly funded US and United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland animal studies using rodents and primates: "only 59% of the studies stated the hypothesis or objective of the study and the number and characteristics of the animals used." [64] A 2017 study establish further flaws in fauna studies, including "wrong data interpretation, unforeseen technical issues, incorrectly constituted (or absent) control groups, selective information reporting, inadequate or varying software systems, and blatant fraud." [128]
Read More
Con 11
The Animal Welfare Act has not succeeded in preventing horrific cases of animal abuse in research laboratories.
Violations of the Animate being Welfare Human activity at the federally funded New Iberia Research Center (NIRC) in Louisiana included maltreatment of primates who were suffering such severe psychological stress that they engaged in self-mutilation, infant primates awake and alert during painful experiments, and chimpanzees being intimidated and shot with a dart gun. [68]
Read More
Con 12
Medical breakthroughs involving animal research may still have been fabricated without the utilise of animals.
Devoting enough money and resource to animal-complimentary alternatives could result in the same medical advances achieved through animal testing. [107] [129] [130] Humane Inquiry Australia (HRA) reports that many discoveries made by not-animal methods were later verified by animate being experiments, "giving false credit" to animal use. [130]
Read More
| Did You Know? |
|---|
| one. 95% of animals used in experiments are not protected by the federal Animal Welfare Deed (AWA), which excludes birds, rats and mice bred for research, and common cold-blooded animals such as reptiles and near fish. [1] [2] [3] |
| ii. 89% of scientists surveyed by the Pew Inquiry Center were in favor of animal testing for scientific research. [120] |
| 3. Chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. The US National Institutes of Health announced information technology would retire its remaining 50 inquiry chimpanzees to the Federal Chimpanzee Sanctuary Organization in 2015, leaving Gabon as the simply country to still experiment on chimps. [four] [117] |
| 4. A Jan. 2020 report from the USDA showed that in one year of enquiry, California used more than cats (1,682) for testing than any other country. Ohio used the most guinea pigs (35,206), and Massachusetts used the nigh dogs (six,771) and primates (11,795). [102] |
| v. Researchers Joseph and Charles Vacanti grew a homo "ear" seeded from implanted cow cartilage cells on the back of a living mouse to explore the possibility of fabricating torso parts for plastic and reconstructive surgery. [108] |
| More than Animal Pros and Cons |
|---|
| Should zoos exist? Proponents say zoos brainwash the public near animals. Opponents say wild animals should never be kept captive. |
| Should K-12 students dissect animals in scientific discipline classrooms? Proponents say dissecting real animals is a ameliorate learning experience. Opponents say the practice is bad for the environment. |
| Is CBD practiced for pets? Proponents say CBD is helpful for pets' feet and other weather condition. Opponents say the products aren't regulated. |
Our Latest Updates (archived after 30 days) 
Archived Notices (archived after thirty days)
Source: https://animal-testing.procon.org/
Posted by: colliercatry1936.blogspot.com
0 Response to "What Are Your Thoughts On Animal Research And Animal Testing In The Medical Field?"
Post a Comment